Burbeck
 on
 Computing

Multicellular Computing:
The Four Intertwined Principles
 

 
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The Four Principles
Summary table
   Specialization
      in computing
   Polymorphic Messaging
      in computing
           Loading code
           Interpreted code
      in biology
  Stigmergy
     and "self"
     in computing
     in the Internet
  Cell Suicide (Apoptosis)
     in computing
Intertwined principles


Complexity
The problem
Out of control
Characterizing complexity
Dynamic complexity


Why the Biology Metaphor
Parallels with computing
Information processing
Encapsulation


Emergence
Example emergent systems
Multi-level emergence
   in computing
   in biology
Scale and emergence


Evolution
of computing
of multicellularity


Conclusions

Discussion & Comments


In biology the four principles -- specialization, messaging, stigmergy and apoptosis -- evolved together and depend upon each other.  They should do so in multicellular computing as well.

Each cell participates simultaneously in all four principles

In multicellular organisms each differentiated cell functions in a specialized way as part of a coherent larger system.  The ways they specialize and collaborate with other specialized cells in the same organism evolved together.  That is, the specializations coevolved -- one specialization supports and depends upon another. Similarly, the four principles coevolved during this process so that virtually all cells participate in all four architectural realms at once.
Intertwined principles
Specialization --  All healthy Metazoan cells are specialized.  Even adult stem cells are somewhat specialized.  What is perhaps the most specialized aspect of the cells, other than their unique shape and function, is their unique repertoire of functional (polymorphic) message receptors.  Yet they all share common behaviors too.  Included in the common behavior are participation in the cues and signals of their stigmergy relationship with the rest of the body, and obedience to apoptosis messages.  That is, as multicellular organisms evolved specialized behaviors, they had to also evolve appropriate messaging, stigmergy and apoptosis behaviors.

Polymorphic Messaging -- Complex messenger proteins often act as "bundles" of messages.  That is, one messenger protein may have separate domains, each with a different messaging function [1].  And often, the different message domains address each of the other three architectural principles.  For example, one domain initiates signal cascades specific to the unique function of that type of cell (i.e., specialization), another facilitates or verifies physical attachment to the extracellular matrix (i.e., deals explicitly with the stigmergy structure), and yet another provides signals that either suppress or encourage apoptosis! The existence of these multi-part messages shows not only that the organisms evolved along with the four principles, but also how fundamental these principles are. A single multi-part message speaks to the functional relationship of the cell to the whole organism/tissue/organ rather than to just a single cell function.

Stigmergy -- Virtually all cells other than simple floating cells such as red blood cells are affected by stigmergy cues and/or signals. Even unattached cells such as blood and lymph born cells are affected by and affect blood borne stigmergy signals, e.g. hormones.  Cells that are attached to the Extracellular Matrix (ECM), i.e., the stigmergy structure, leave long-lasting cues (persistent messages) in those structures that affect other cells. In turn, the cells respond to such cues that may cause them to modify the physical structures; that's how the structures are built in the first place. Cells that are normally attached or in direct contact with the ECM require constant feedback from the ECM. Absent the appropriate attachment cues, they suicide (undergo apoptosis).

Apoptosis -- almost all cells except cancerous cells participate in apoptosis signaling all the time!  Most cells must receive "you're OK" messages sufficiently often to prevent their suicide.  Even very simple interchangeable and disposable cells such as red blood cells undergo apoptosis.

The principles themselves are operationally interdependent

Not only do cells reflect all four principles at once, the principles themselves are interdependent in the sense that each one relies on the others.

  • Specialization requires a stigmergy structure (a body) to nurture and protect the specialized cells. They would not survive long in isolation. In turn, the stigmergy structure, i.e., the whole organism, benefits from their specialized activity. A stigmergic body makes no sense without specialization; Even cells in biofilms specialize. So, too, do ants and termites. The more complex their stigmergic social interactions, the more specialized are their roles in the insect colony (see pdf). Thus specialization and stigmergy are interdependent at a fundamental biological level.
  • Once cells specialize, they must interpret messages accordingly, i.e., polymorphicly.  That's how a collaborating group with various specializations can respond in an orchestrated way to some common stimulus.  There is no orchestra conductor telling each one what to do.  A common message signals the situation and each specialized cell with a receptor for that message responds in accordance with its specialized role.  Similarly, specialized ants and termites must interpret messages from the perspective of their special abilities.  So specialization and polymorphic messaging are strongly interdependent.
  • Since apoptosis exists to sculpt and protect a (stigmergic) body, clearly stigmergy and apoptosis are interdependent.  But also, the apoptotic messaging pathways depend upon polymorphic messaging and the cellular response to apoptosis messages differs according to the specialized function of the cell.  Thus apoptosis and specialization are interdependent.

Implications for multicellular computing

As multicellular computing architectures evolve, especially the emerging Service Oriented Architectures (SOA) and less formal Web Service mashups, we would be wise to adopt and carefully interleave all four principles.  Similarly, the architecture of multicellular computing messages should also be fully multicellular.  Those who "design" multicellular computing systems (or better put, attempt to grow such systems), should not only give thought to the various kinds of specialized "cells" that are needed, but also to how those cells implement the four principles and fit into a multicellular message architecture.

In summary, as we develop architectural patterns -- both hardware and software -- for the use of each of the four principles in computing, we must develop them so that the four patterns can be interwoven.  And there must be a meta-pattern that lays out how the interweaving is to happen.


[1]  See "Exploring and Engineering the Cell Surface Interface" abstract (Stevens, M. M. & George, J. H., Science, vol 310, Nov. 18, 2005, pp. 1135-1138)



Last edited 3/28/2007