
The Four
Principles
Summary
table
Specialization
in
computing
Polymorphic Messaging
in
computing
Loading code
Interpreted code
in
biology
Stigmergy
and
"self"
in
computing
in
the Internet
Cell
Suicide
(Apoptosis)
in
computing
Intertwined
principles
Complexity
The problem
Out of control
Characterizing
complexity
Dynamic complexity
Why the Biology Metaphor
Parallels
with computing
Information
processing
Encapsulation
Emergence
Example emergent systems
Multi-level
emergence
in computing
in biology
Scale and
emergence
Evolution
of computing
of
multicellularity
Conclusions
Discussion & Comments
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In
biology the four principles -- specialization, messaging, stigmergy and
apoptosis -- evolved together and depend upon each
other.
They should do so in multicellular computing as well.
Each cell participates simultaneously in all four principles
In multicellular organisms each differentiated cell functions in a
specialized way as
part of
a
coherent larger system. The ways they specialize and collaborate
with other specialized cells in the same organism evolved
together. That is, the specializations
coevolved -- one specialization supports and depends upon another.
Similarly, the four principles coevolved during this process so that
virtually all cells participate in
all four architectural
realms at once.
Specialization
-- All healthy Metazoan cells are
specialized. Even adult stem cells are somewhat
specialized.
What is
perhaps the
most specialized aspect of the cells, other than their unique shape and
function, is their unique repertoire of functional (polymorphic)
message receptors.
Yet they all share common behaviors too. Included in the common
behavior are participation in the cues and signals of their stigmergy
relationship with the rest of the body, and obedience to apoptosis
messages. That is, as multicellular organisms evolved specialized
behaviors, they had to also evolve appropriate messaging, stigmergy and
apoptosis behaviors.
Polymorphic Messaging --
Complex
messenger proteins often act as
"bundles" of
messages. That is, one messenger protein may have separate
domains, each with a different messaging function [1]. And
often, the different message domains address each of the other three
architectural principles. For example, one domain initiates
signal cascades specific to the unique function of
that type of cell (i.e., specialization), another facilitates or
verifies physical
attachment to the
extracellular matrix (i.e., deals
explicitly with the stigmergy structure), and yet another provides
signals that
either suppress or encourage apoptosis! The
existence of these multi-part messages shows not only that the
organisms
evolved along with the four principles, but also how fundamental these
principles are. A single multi-part message speaks to
the
functional relationship of the cell to the whole
organism/tissue/organ rather than to just a single cell
function.
Stigmergy -- Virtually
all cells other than simple floating cells such as red blood cells are
affected by stigmergy cues and/or signals. Even unattached cells such
as blood and lymph born cells are affected by and affect blood borne
stigmergy signals, e.g. hormones. Cells that are attached to the
Extracellular Matrix (ECM), i.e., the stigmergy structure, leave
long-lasting cues
(persistent messages) in
those structures that affect other cells. In turn, the cells respond to
such cues that may cause them to modify the physical
structures;
that's how the structures are built in the first place. Cells
that are normally attached or in direct contact with the ECM require
constant feedback from the ECM. Absent
the appropriate attachment cues, they suicide (undergo apoptosis).
Apoptosis -- almost all
cells except cancerous cells
participate
in
apoptosis signaling all the time! Most cells must receive "you're
OK" messages sufficiently often to prevent their suicide. Even
very simple interchangeable and disposable cells such as red
blood cells undergo apoptosis.
The principles themselves are operationally interdependent
Not only do cells reflect all four principles at
once, the principles themselves are interdependent in the sense that
each one relies on the others.
- Specialization requires a stigmergy structure (a body)
to nurture and protect the specialized cells. They would
not survive long in isolation. In turn, the stigmergy structure, i.e.,
the whole organism, benefits
from
their specialized activity. A stigmergic body makes
no sense without specialization; Even cells in biofilms specialize.
So, too, do ants and termites. The
more complex their stigmergic social interactions, the more specialized
are their roles in the insect colony (see pdf).
Thus specialization and
stigmergy are
interdependent at a fundamental biological level.
- Once cells specialize, they must interpret messages
accordingly, i.e., polymorphicly. That's how a collaborating
group with various
specializations can respond in an orchestrated way to some common
stimulus. There is no orchestra conductor telling each one what
to do. A common message signals the situation and each
specialized cell with a receptor for that message responds in
accordance with its specialized role. Similarly, specialized ants
and termites must interpret
messages from the perspective of their special abilities. So
specialization and polymorphic messaging are strongly interdependent.
- Since apoptosis exists to sculpt and protect a
(stigmergic) body, clearly stigmergy and apoptosis are
interdependent. But also, the apoptotic messaging pathways depend
upon polymorphic messaging and the cellular response to apoptosis
messages
differs according to the specialized function of the cell. Thus
apoptosis and specialization are interdependent.
Implications for multicellular computing
As multicellular computing architectures evolve,
especially the emerging Service Oriented Architectures (SOA) and less
formal Web Service mashups,
we would be wise to adopt and carefully interleave all
four principles. Similarly,
the architecture of multicellular computing messages
should also be fully
multicellular. Those who
"design" multicellular computing systems (or better put,
attempt to grow such systems), should not only give
thought to the
various kinds of specialized "cells" that are needed, but also to how
those cells implement the four principles and
fit into a multicellular
message architecture.
In summary, as we develop architectural patterns -- both
hardware and software -- for the use of
each of the
four principles in computing, we must develop them so that the four
patterns can be interwoven. And there must be a meta-pattern that
lays
out how the interweaving is to happen.
[1]
See "Exploring and
Engineering
the Cell Surface
Interface" abstract
(Stevens, M. M. & George, J. H., Science, vol 310, Nov.
18, 2005, pp. 1135-1138)
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